Essay on Bioethics - 1696 Words

Bioethics nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progress in the pharmacological, medical and biological sciences involves experimentation on all living species, including animals and humans. The effectiveness of medications investigative procedures and treatments must at some point be tested on animals and human beings. Although tests are conducted much more frequently on lab animals, especially those most related to humans, they do not provide sufficient information. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The history of medicine shows that there has always been a need for experimentation on human beings. Examples of these consist of the inoculation of Newgate prisoners in 1721, who had been condemned to death with Smallpox. In 1796, Edward Jenner, also†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since we are in Canada, there are two categories of law dealing with regulating experimentation. The first is Federal and Provincial Legislation. The second consists of documents, codes of ethics and reports, which while not necessarily enforceable, strongly urge researchers experiments on human subjects to observe certain standards of conduct. A.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms governs here. Some of its provisions in effect make certain kinds of experiments illegal. quot;Any experimental activity which endangers the protected values is thereof illegal.quot;~ Another is according to current case law, quot;treatmentquot; may be broadly construed rather than being limited to therapy.~ nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Criminal sanctions dealing with offences against the person make it possible to penalize those causing harm to a subject who has not given valid consent to an experiment. Explaining this, many experiments on humans are legal and performed everyday. No experiment is performed without a purpose. The most common is during surgery, the patients give valid consent to have experiments conducted on them during the operation. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With respect to medications, citizens of Canada are given protection by the Food and Drug Act. These laws control new medications into the market. AlthoughShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Bioethics1126 Words   |  5 Pagespatient. In the 1960’s, it was proven that bioethics was the cornerstone of ethical issues and all of them were driven by problems stemming from advances in medicine and biology. These issues were moving from the old ways of medical ethics which brought about bioethics to capture these complexities. Bioethics captured this wide net moving from intimate doctor relationships at the patient’s bedside to making public decisions regarding healthcare. Bioethics engages in debates when it concerns patientRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Bioethics1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction. â€Å"Bioethics† has been used in the last twenty years to describe a study of ways in which decisions in medicine and science touch our health, lives, as well our society, and environment. Bioethics is concerned with questions about basic human values such as the rights to life and health, and the rightness or wrongness of certain developments in healthcare institutions, life technology, and medicine. For this week s assignment, I will conduct independent research for current bioethicalRead MoreBioethics And The Rest Of Us1982 Words   |  8 PagesBioethics and the rest of us What is Ethics? According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, it is a systematic study of what is right and wrong. This definition refers to the prehistoric times when men received laws in supernatural circumstances, like the code of Hammurabi and the Ten Commandments. They contained moral codes on human relationship. What is Bioethics? The term bioethics which has a Greek etymology, Bio-origin and Ethos –behaviour was coined in 1926 by Fritz Jahr, a German Protestant theologianRead MoreBioethics in Medicine, Exemplified by the Karen Ann Quinlan Case882 Words   |  4 PagesIt is accepted that the advances in resuscitation techniques, initiated and influenced the evolution of bioethics by bringing to the fore the questions of: (i) just allocation of scarce medical resource, health care (ii) the nature of â€Å"being†, and (iii) the proper purpose of medicine. The main issues that caused the emergence, or the study and introduction of bioethics was the introduction of modern technology in medicine in the form of respirators and artificial heart machines. The media attentionRead More Bioethics1895 Words   |  8 Pagesmore about what the treatment entails she might change her mind about it. References: Mappes, Thomas A., David Degrazia. Biomedical Ethics – Fifth Edition. Fairfield, PA: Mc-Graw Hill Higher Education. 2001 Robert, Jason Scott. Lecture. Bioethics. LSE 106, ASU, Tempe, AZ Read MoreEthical and Religious Article Reviews1132 Words   |  4 Pagesin later historical settings. Pence, Gregory E. Classic Cases in Medical Ethics: Accounts of Cases That Have Shaped Medical Ethics, with Philosophical, Legal, and Historical Bacgrounds. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill, 2004. EHRLICH, PAUL R. 2003. Bioethics: Are Our Priorities RightQuest. BioScience. 53, no. 12: 1207-1216. This article expresses how neither biologists nor non biologists in todays society square measure paying adequate attention to the escalating moral problems raised by the humanRead MoreHistory Of American Medical Ethics825 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of American medical ethics dates back four centuries (Baker, 2013), it is critical to differentiate between what was strictly medical ethics; the ethics between physician and patient, physician and physician, and physician and community versus bioethics: all of the aforementioned with the addition of scientific research involving human subjects â€Å"†¦in reaction to researchers’ exploitation of vulnerable populations, most notably the 399 African-American males deceived into serving as research subjectsRead MorePersuasive Speech : Physician Assisted Suicide1308 Words   |  6 Pagesunbelievable suffering as well as some terminally ill patients who are enduring lesser but still severe suffering need this legal right, for they cannot escape from their suffering without it† (Wellman, 23). i. Teresa Yao from The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly in the Autumn of 2016 stated that â€Å"two reasons – the avoidance of suffering and the exercise of individual autonomy – are the primary justifications cited by advocates of assisted suicide† (Yao, 386). b. According to Timothy Quill andRead MoreBioethical Issues on Genetically Modified Organisms (Gmos) in Malaysia: Biting Into the Legal Protection Under the Biosafety Act 20074399 Words   |  18 PagesAct in protecting such concerns representing wider societal interests and welfare, would in some ways, vanquish the protectionist principles the 2007 Act intended to uphold and the balancing role that the 2007 Act was intended to play. Keywords- Bioethics, Biotechnology, GMOs, Biosafety, Legal Protection. I. INTRODUCTION Biotechnology has become the major industry in the world in the last few decades with rapid advancements (Mike, 2007). However, the introduction of Genetically Modified OrganismsRead MoreEvolution of Medical Practice Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Cases IN BIOETHICS Fall, 2005 Professor Paul A. Lombardo Center for Biomedical Ethics Office: University Hospital, Davis 5337 Phone: 982-4227 pal8g@virginia.edu Texts 1) Great Cases in Bioethics, compiled edited by Paul A. Lombardo (2005) [available at the law school copy center] 2) Limits: The Role of Law in Bioethical Decisionmaking, by Roger B. Dworkin (Indiana, 1996) Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed the Practice

Apollo 11 Landing a Man on the Moon

In July  1969 the world watched as NASA  launched three men on a trip to land on the Moon. The mission was called Apollo 11. It was the culmination of a series of Gemini launches to Earth orbit, followed by Apollo  missions. In each one, astronauts tested and practiced the actions they needed  to make a trip to the Moon and come back safely.   Apollo 11 was launched on top of the of the most powerful rockets ever designed: the Saturn V. Today they are museum pieces, but back in the days of the Apollo  program, they were THE way to get to space.   First Steps The trip to the Moon was a first for the U.S., which was locked in a battle for space supremacy with the former Soviet Union  (now the Russian Federation).  The so-called Space Race began when the Soviets launched Sputnik on October 4, 1957. They followed up with other launches and succeeded in putting the first person in space, astronaut Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The U.S. president John F. Kennedy upped the stakes by announcing on September 12, 1962, that the countrys fledgling space program would put a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. The most quoted part of his speech asserted as much:   We choose to go to the Moon. We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things not because they are easy, but because they are hard... That announcement set in place a race to bring the best scientists and engineers together. That required science education and a scientifically literate populace. And, by the end of the decade, when Apollo 11 touched down on the Moon, much of world was aware of the methods of space exploration. The mission was incredibly difficult. NASA had to build and launch a safe vehicle containing three astronauts. The  same command and lunar modules had to cross the distance between Earth and the Moon: 238,000 miles (384,000 kilometers). Then, it  had to be inserted into orbit around the Moon. The  lunar module had to separate and head for the lunar surface. After executing their surface mission, the astronauts had to return to lunar orbit and rejoin the command module for the trip back to Earth. The actual landing on the Moon on July 20th turned out to be more dangerous than everyone expected. The chosen landing site in Mare Tranquilitatis (Sea of Tranquility)  was covered with boulders.  Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin had to maneuver to find a good place. (Astronaut Michael Collins stayed in orbit in the Command Module.)  With just a few seconds of fuel left, they landed safely and broadcast their first greeting back to a waiting Earth with Neil Armstrongs famous announcement that he and Aldrin were representing all mankind.   One Small Step... A few hours later, Neil Armstrong took the first steps out of the lander and onto the surface of the Moon. It was a momentous event watched by millions of people around the world. For most in the U.S., it was affirmation that the country had won the Space Race.   The Apollo 11 mission astronauts did the first science experiments on the Moon and gathered a collection of lunar rocks to bring back for study on Earth. They reported on what it was like to live and work in the lower gravity of the Moon, and gave people the first up-close look at our neighbor in space. And, they set the stage for more Apollo missions to explore the lunar surface.   Apollos Legacy The legacy of the Apollo 11 mission continues to be felt. Mission preparations and practices created for that trip are still in use, with modifications and refinements by astronauts around the world. Based on the first rocks brought back from the Moon, planners for such missions as LROC and LCROSS were able to plan their science investigations. We have an International Space Station, thousands of satellites in orbit, robot spacecraft have traversed the solar system to study distant worlds up close and personal. The space shuttle program, developed during the last years of the  Apollo  Moon  missions, took hundreds of people to space and accomplished great things. The astronauts and space agencies of other countries learned from NASA — and NASA learned from them as time went by. Space exploration began to feel more multi-cultural, which continues today. Yes, there were tragedies along the way: rocket explosions, fatal shuttle accidents, and launchpad deaths. But, the space agencies of the world learned from those mistakes and used their knowledge to advance their launch systems.   The most enduring return from the Apollo 11 mission is the knowledge that when humans put their minds to do a difficult project in space, they can do it. Going to space creates jobs, advances knowledge, and changes human beings. Every country with a space program knows this.  The technical expertise, the educational boosts, the increased interest in space are, in large part, legacies of the Apollo 11 mission. The first steps of July 20-21, 1969 reverberate from that time to this.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

The Dominican Republic and Haiti - 3970 Words

The Dominican Republic and Haiti Imagine yourself as a businessperson on a trip to the island of Hispaniola to check on how production is faring. You land in Santo Domingo to transfer to a short commuter flight to Port-au-Prince. During the flight, you gaze outside your window to admire the breathtaking view of the Sierra de Baoruco, with its luscious forests. As the plane approaches the Haiti-Dominican Republic border, you notice that the land has been completely denuded of trees directly on the other side of the border, creating a clear demarcation between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. This physical border is only one indication of the clear contrast between the two countries that share Hispaniola. According†¦show more content†¦During Napoleon’s reign in France, Napoleon sought to control the entire island of Hispaniola through control of Spain and the reacquisition of Haiti. Harsh rule by the governors-general induced loyalists to form the movement La Reconquista to rise up in order to restore Spanish sovereignty. (Metibag 91) Though the colony was returned to Spain in 1809, weak support led to a decay in colonial infrastructure, leading to a revolt, led by Josà © Nà ºÃƒ ±ez de Cà ¡ceres and Don Manuel Carvajal, which declared â€Å"Spanish Haiti† independent. However, the new nation was vulnerable, and Boyer immediately seized on the opportunity to unite the island for security purposes, seeking to impose â€Å"Haitianization† on Santo Domingo economically and politically. Such aspects of â€Å"Haitianization† included abolition of slavery, land redistribution, settlement of Haitians, and forced cultivation of crops in a region dominated by cattle ranchers. (Moya Pons 123, 133) An insurrection group named los trinitarios seized on the discontent of the Dominican people in the 1830s and 1840s, leading to independence in 1844. (Black 19) The new republic was founded on anti-Haitianism in reaction to the occupation and control by a commercial bourgeoisie, which inevitably caused factioning among supporters of independence and protectionism by Spain. Authoritarianism was employed by the factions—the protectionists,Show MoreRelatedHaiti And The Dominican Republic Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The caribbean is where a small island, contains two countries within its borders and a long history of conflict. Haiti and the Dominican Republic are two different country, with completely different cultures, from religion, to the food they eat, Two countries, with two different, yet correlating stories. A story of conflict is what unites these two countries. This paper will attempt to analyse that story, and answer how this small island came to be divided into two countries, and inhabitedRead MoreDominican Republic vs. Haiti1245 Words   |  5 PagesDominican Republic and Haiti: A Comparison of How One Island Has Two Complete Different Ends Dominican Republic and Haiti: A Comparison of How One Island Has Two Complete Different Ends The Hispaniola is a small island in the Caribbean which is currently composed by the Dominican Republic and the Republic of Haiti. These two countries despite sharing an island and historical institutions are completely different. While the Dominican Republic enjoys the beauty of the Caribbean and its weatherRead MoreRacism Between Haiti And Dominican Republic2225 Words   |  9 Pages Black Experience in the Caribbean: BLST 202 Professor Anika Hylton May 24, 2016 Racism between Haiti and Dominican Republic has led to self hatred Throughout history, race, social development, politics and colonization have played a major role in the indoctrination of modern day Caribbean peoples mind subconsciously. Haiti and the Dominican Republic are two countries that were once one nation, however, the long-lasting effects of colonialism have separated the island which the nations sit into twoRead MoreEconomic Development Of The Dominican Republic And Haiti1938 Words   |  8 PagesEconomic Development in the Dominican Republic and Haiti I. Introduction The following paper is oriented to explore why the divergence of a similarly sustained economic development of the Dominican Republic (D.R.) and Haiti. The fact that both countries share the same territory, but their economic development in recent days differ from one another make this topic is highly important, since it can bring deeper insight about the different causes that can affect the economic development of a countryRead MoreDominican Republic and Haiti Share and Island, History, and Culture2870 Words   |  12 PagesThe Dominican Republic and Haiti not only share the island of Hispaniola, but also have similar histories and cultures. These similarities have been overshadowed by a tumultuous relationship that has existed for centuries between both nations. Many wonder why the Dominican Republic and Haiti have not been able to have a harmonious relationship. However, they must take into account that this relationship has endured mass killings, oppression, and racial divides. Although many of these actions tookRead MoreThe Dominican Republic : A Deep Rooted History With The Country Of Haiti1615 Words   |  7 PagesOdlenika Joseph Professor Sharon Placide Global Society 22 November 2016 Semester Project Phase 3 – Final Paper The Dominican Republic (D.R.) has a deep-rooted history with the country of Haiti. This makes sense since they share the same Island. Yet, the culture, cuisine, and native languages are different and unique from one another. I was born in Haiti and spent a majority of my life living there until I immigrated to the United States with my parents. Although I have never been in the D.R. IRead MoreEhtnic Conflict between Dominican Republic and Haiti Essay2244 Words   |  9 PagesThe Dominican Republic and Haiti are two countries that share an island. The difficulties of two ethnicities sharing an island bring forth conflicts that stem from colonial times. Race, economics, politics and stigmas all play a role in ethnic conflict between these won cultures that have very different views on their roots. Prejudice, cultural identity issues and resentment towards Haitians is the reason why Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo massacred thousands of unarmed Haitians. This is whyRead MoreBlack in Latin America688 Words   |  3 PagesLatin America: Haiti and the dominican Republic 1) How did Haiti and the Dominican Republic begin? What European countries influenced the development of these nations? - Haiti and the Dominican Republic is an island with two countries of Hispaniola. Haiti makes up 1/3 of the island while the Dominican Republic makes up the rest of the 2/3 of the island. The Dominican Republic contains a mix blood of Afro-European population with the history of Spanish colonialism, while Haiti has African-caribbeanRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The New World1579 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst ceded the western third of the island (now Haiti) and later on the other two thirds (Dominican Republic). Haiti eventually had a revolution and became independent from the French, but because of the strong Spanish influence, Dominican Republic became independent from Haiti later on. Although the French were now in control of the whole island, the eastern two thirds still maintained a strong Spanish influence. Although Haiti and Dominican Republic are on the same island and one might think bothRead MoreBlack on Black Racism708 Words   |  3 PagesBlack on Black racism : The D ominican republic ethnic cleansing What is the difference between an Haitian and a Dominican? People usually respond to race-related discussion in various emotional ways that range from deep culpability and embarrassment to extreme pride and hatred toward another group. Recently several stories reported in national or international news seem to add more focus to the ongoing debate about racial discrimination between black and white. But my concern is how to deal

Tax Residency Status Period Commencing

Question: Describe about the Tax Residency Status for Period Commencing. Answer: Issue The relevant issue in the case is to opine on the tax residency status of Joan for the period commencing from January 2014 until her return to Australia in July 2016. Further, the implications of the tax residency status on the respective tax obligations also need to be highlighted. Relevant Law The subject of tax residency is dealt with in Section 6(1), ITAA 1936 which narrates the various test for the residency determination of individuals which have been elaborately explained in the tax ruling TR 98/17 (ATO, 1998). The tax residency determination is significant as in accordance with Section 6-5(2), ITAA 1997, for Australian tax residents, income from all sources (irrespective of the fact that it may be generated domestically or from abroad) would be considered for taxable income computation (Barkoczy, 2016). The relevant legislation and relevant ruling suggests that namely four tests may be applicable for tax residency determination as outlined below (Nethercott, Richardson Devos, 2016). Domicile Test Normal Test of Residency 183 day test Superannuation Test The relevant test from the above are discussed above. Domicile Test The domicile test is used for the tax residency determination of Australian residents. The essential conditions that the given taxpayer needs to comply within the given assessment year are highlighted below (Woellner, 2014). The taxpayer must be a holder of Australian domicile in a manner sanctioned under the Domicile Act 1982. Additionally, the permanent abode of the given taxpayer must be located within Australia at the time of assessment. The determination of domicile possession is a straight forward task with no ambiguity, however high subjectivity may be involved with regards to permanent abode location. In this regard, the critical factors to be taken into consideration for location determination are summarised below (ATO, 1991). The difference between the length of actual stay abroad compared to the intended stay duration abroad. The intent on taxpayers part to return to Australia after accomplishment of a defined task. The act of abandoning the residence in Australia. The act of establishing residence in a foreign country The continuity of the stay abroad along with the underlying duration. Further, as indicated by the verdict extended in the F.C. of T. v. Applegate (1979) 9 ATR 899 case, in the event the expected duration of stay is expected to be greater than 2 years, then for the period of stay abroad, the tax authorities tend to consider that the taxpayer has a permanent residence abroad even though there may be intention on taxpayers part to return to Australia at the completion of the obligation (Coleman et. al., 2016). Resides Test or Normal Test of Residency This test is primarily deployed for tax residency determination of foreign residents. This is primarily used for those individuals whose country of origin is not Australia but come to Australia for a variety of reasons. The underlying residency of these individuals is determined by considering the following factors (Barkoczy, 2016). Extent of significance for which taxpayer has come to Australia Extent of ties in various spheres such as professional and personal which taxpayer maintains in Australia Nature of social arrangement that the person has in place when in Australia. The stay duration in Australia and the visit frequency to country of origin during the assessment period. Fact and Application The relevant facts related to the given situation are outlined below. Joan is an Australian resident and works for an Australian company based out of Melbourne as the chief accountant. In January 2014, Joan is entrusted with the task of establishing a factory for the employer in Vietnam for which, she goes to Vietnam with her husband. However her son continued stay in the Melbourne located family home. The couple has intention to return to Australia post the establishment of factory which would take three to four years. Joans husband gets employment in Vietnam and also an apartment is leased for four years. Joan returned to Australia in January 2016 after which she went to a Europe trip for six months before returning to Australia in July, 2016. For the whole period i.e. from January 2014 to July 2016, the Australian domicile of Joan was intact as intention to return in Australia was always intact. Tax residency status FY2014 While the domicile condition is met being an Australian resident, but since Joans expected stay in Vietnam is expected to be longer than 2 years, hence it is fair to expect that there has been a shift in the permanent abode from Australia to Vietnam as apparent from IT 2650. Hence, for FY2014, Joan would be considered a foreign tax resident. Additional proof to this is provided by the fact that both have started socialising in Vietnam indicating the intent to stay in Vietnam for long. Tax residency status FY2015 While the domicile condition is met being an Australian resident, but since Joans expected stay in Vietnam is expected to be longer than 2 years, hence it is fair to expect that there has been a shift in the permanent abode from Australia to Vietnam as apparent from IT 2650. Also, Joans husband has found an employment in Vietnam only. Further, during the year Joan did not visit even once to Australia. Hence, for FY2015, Joan would be considered a foreign tax resident. Tax residency status FY2016 While the intended stay duration was 3 to 4 years, Joan finished her professional obligation earlier and returned in January 2016. Besides, considering the presence of son, job for Australian company and house in Melbourne, significant ties are maintained in Australia. The Europe trip of six months is done with the intent of a casual traveller since Joan keeps moving from one city to the other and hence this purpose is not significant. Thus, in line with the domicile test and the resides test, it would be fair to conclude that Joan for this year would be an Australian tax resident. Income tax implications For the period from January 1, 2014 to June 30, 2015, the employment income is derived from Vietnam and hence would not be taxable in Australia as per Section 6-5(3). However, as per Section 6-5(2), for FY2016, the employment income would be taxable in Australia. References ATO 1991, IT 2650, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?Docid=ITR/IT2650/NAT/ATO/00001 (Accessed on October 4, 2016) ATO 1998, TR 98/17, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?Docid=TXR/TR9817/NAT/ATO/00001 (Accessed on October 4, 2016) Barkoczy,S 2016,Foundation of Taxation Law 2015,8th eds., CCH Publications, North Ryde Coleman C, Hart G, Jogarajan S, Krever R McLaren J, Sadiq K 2016, 9th eds., Principles of Taxation Law, Thompson Reuters, Sydney Nethercott, L, Richardson, G Devos, K 2016, Australian Taxation Study Manual 2016, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, Sydney Woellner, R 2014, Australian taxation law 2014, 8th eds., CCH Australia, North Ryde